JADAD Score
The JADAD score is a short, pragmatic instrument for rapidly appraising the internal validity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It focuses on three core domains that most directly reduce bias in trial conduct and reporting: randomisation, blinding, and the handling of withdrawals/dropouts.
Scores range from 0-5; higher scores indicate better reporting of these key safeguards. Use JADAD as a quick screening tool - not as a substitute for comprehensive risk‑of‑bias assessment and certainty appraisal (see NICE Appendix C and GRADE).
Why internal validity matters
Internal validity determines whether a trial’s results reflect the true effect of the intervention in the study population rather than artefact from bias. In emergency medicine, where decisions often depend on a small number of trials, rapid assessment of internal validity helps prioritise studies for closer scrutiny and clinical use.
Core domains and scoring
JADAD awards points for the presence and adequacy of randomisation, blinding, and reporting of withdrawals/dropouts. Points may be added for appropriate methods and subtracted if clearly inappropriate methods are described.
Scoring summary
Maximum score = 5. Note: JADAD assesses reporting of these features; it does not evaluate allocation concealment, baseline comparability, selective reporting, statistical analysis, or other items covered by fuller RCT checklists (see NICE Appendix C).
Practical scoring notes
- Award the additional point for method only if an appropriate...